S-AFP (Alpha-1-Fetoprotein)

Tumor marker for liver and testicular cancer

S-AFP (Alpha-1-Fetoprotein) is a glycoprotein that is normally produced by the fetal liver and yolk sac during pregnancy. It plays an essential role in fetal development by transporting fatty acids and bilirubin before the liver is fully developed. After birth, S-AFP levels decrease rapidly and remain at very low levels in healthy adults.

Elevated concentrations of S-AFP may indicate abnormal cellular changes, including tumor development. It is particularly relevant in oncology and hepatology, as high levels can be observed in primary liver cancer (hepatocellular carcinoma, HCC), certain types of testicular cancer, and liver metastases from other tumors. Since S-AFP can also increase in chronic liver diseases, such as cirrhosis and hepatitis, it is sometimes used as part of screening and monitoring in high-risk patients.

Why Is an S-AFP test performed?

The S-AFP blood test is primarily used for the following purposes:

• Identifying and monitoring liver cancer (hepatocellular carcinoma, HCC).
• Diagnosing and tracking certain types of testicular cancer (non-seminomatous tumors).
• Detecting liver metastases from other tumors.
• Monitoring patients at increased risk for liver cancer, such as those with liver cirrhosis, chronic hepatitis B/C, or hemochromatosis.

When Is an S-AFP test recommended?

An S-AFP blood test may be relevant if you experience symptoms or conditions potentially related to liver or testicular cancer. Symptoms can vary, but common concerns that may warrant testing include:

• Enlarged testicles or lumps in the scrotum.
• Jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes).
• Unintentional weight loss.
• Abdominal pain or swelling.

Interpretation of S-AFP test results

Elevated levels of S-AFP may indicate conditions such as liver cancer, testicular cancer, or liver metastases. However, increased levels can also be seen in certain benign conditions, such as liver regeneration in cases of hepatitis or cirrhosis. Therefore, test results should always be interpreted in conjunction with other clinical parameters, including symptoms, medical history, and additional diagnostic tests. An abnormal value does not necessarily mean cancer but may indicate the need for further investigation.

• Adults: Normal concentrations should be below 10 µg/L, though variations may occur.
• Pregnant women: Elevated levels are normal and not associated with disease.

How Is the S-AFP blood test performed?

The blood sample is drawn from a vein in the arm and analyzed in a laboratory. The result can help physicians diagnose conditions, track disease progression, or evaluate ongoing treatment.